Running head for publication goes here Essay Example for Free

Running head for publication goes here Essay 1. Introduction 3 1. 1. Purpose of Report 3 1. 2. Current Situation 3 1. 3. Identified Problems 4 2. Data and Knowledge 5 2. 1. What makes data good? 5 2. 2. How is information created? 5 2. 3. How is information used? 6 2. 4. How Dell utilized information 6 2. 5. How KAR Vehicles Ltd can benefit 8 3. Using Systems to Convert Data into Information 8 3. 1. Transaction Processing Systems 8 3. 2. Management information systems 9 3. 3. Decision Support Systems 9 3. 4. Expert systems 10 4. Conclusion 11 References 12 INFORMATION SYSTEMS 1. Introduction 1. 1. Purpose of Report This paper is to discuss and analyze the role of information systems in processing raw data such as statistics, sales figure and demographic data, into useful and valuable knowledge which can be used to support decision-making within an organization. Focus will be placed on a case study of Kar Vehicle Hire Limited, from which valuable real life experience and lessons can be drawn from. 1. 2. Current Situation. KAR Vehicle Hire Ltd has recently implemented a transaction processing system called K-VIS which utilizes a database containing details of vehicles, clients, hire bookings, vehicle collections and returns, vehicle maintenance schedules, etc, as well as other relevant information. Bookings are done through K-VIS and the appropriate information such as booking details, driver details and payment details are entered into and stored in the database. This data entry and updating is done manually by the office administrator. Other transactions and procedures such as the collection of vehicle is also carried out in a similar fashion. With the growing amount of information and data available in the new database, the potential for the use of this information to aid managerial decision-making by uncovering patterns or trends, or in other methods, has been discussed. Knowledge creation to support effective key management decision-making is then the primary concern of Kar Vehicle Ltd currently. 1. 3. Identified Problems The main problem here that KAR Vehicle Ltd faces is that of managing data and knowledge creation. Firstly, managing data is a challenging process, because the amount of data expands exponentially over time; is collected from many sources, both external and internal; and is scattered throughout the organization different branches. The introduction of K-VIS has helped to centralize the collection and storage of data in a standardized format and procedure; however, KAR Vehicle Ltd has limited experience in transforming data to information, and information to knowledge via a knowledge creation process. This requires data that can be understood by the managers and analysts of KAR Vehicle Ltd easily, be accessible conveniently, and hence be able to analyzed using a variety of tools according to their needs to produce information. This information can then be used in conjunction with the experience and personal knowledge of the managers and analysts to create knowledge, which should then be stored in a format that all organizational employees can access and apply, creating a flexible and powerful â€Å"learning organization†. (Rainer, Turban and Potter, pg 96-100, 2006) 2. Data and Knowledge 2. 1. What makes data good? Data is simply a collection of raw facts, figures and statistics collected by people and systems, and then stored in various format. By itself, raw data has no real significance and use, but like all raw materials, it has to go through a process to convert it to information about the world, situations and people, which becomes factual statements about the world, which has meaning and can be useful in certain ways. (O’Brien, 1994, pg. 19) But before raw data can be converted to useful information, it has to be good and â€Å"clean†; that is, data without errors (Rainer, pg 101, 2006). What makes data clean? â€Å"Clean† data which is error free should be accurate, complete, timely, consistent, accessible, relevant and concise. â€Å"Clean† data is of high quality and can be used to generate useful information about linkages and facts about the world. 2. 2. How is information created? Information is data that has been converted into a meaningful and useful context that links various facts together in a relationship which can be used to form factual statements about the world. It is the result of data that has gone through a value added process where it is aggregated, manipulated and organized; analyzed and evaluated; and finally placed in a proper context which is suitable for its purpose or designed end user. This value added process, or what we will call â€Å"data processing†, usually occurs in information systems. For example, raw data is entered by the office administrator and front line stuff into K-VIS, which organizes and process the data to form meaningful relationships, such as a customer demographic data, his sales and records history, a vehicular history and transactions history. 2. 3. How is information used? Information that has real value and is accurate and meaningful is very important to any business organization. Without timely and accurate information which is relevant, businesses would not be able to make informed decisions and carry out activities such as risk analysis, cost benefit analysis, demand forecasting and supply chain co-ordination, among other things. For example, Dell business model is entirely based on timely and accurate information about orders, demands, suppliers and inventory. Making use of accurate and timely information flows, Dell is able to exploit a fundamental competitive factor in its industry to its fullest – the value of time. 2. 4. How Dell utilized information Dell use of information technology to gather, process and disseminate information is vital to the success of it’s business model – namely direct sales and build-to-order – enabling it to make highly accurate and timely decisions about market forecasting to drive production and inventories. It kept track directly of customers’ PC inventory, allowing individual business users to order PCs directly rather than going through a middleman, allowing Dell to build a relationship with customers and making the collection of useful data automated and painless. This data, which was processed into meaningful information, helped Dell to segment its customers into different primary categories. This categorization helps Dell to respond to changes in different customer segments, and make decisions on which customer segment is the most profitable to develop and grow, and hence the segment in which to concentrate its resources on, offering highly customized services to gain and keep their business. In short, meaningful information helped tell to make decisions regarding its most profitable customers, and where its resources would be most efficiently expended on. Dell is also able to minimize part inventories by requiring suppliers to restock parts only as they are needed, and to have available specific components as they are needed to fill an incoming order. This is made possible through very close coordination between Dell’s sales and manufacturing arm, and between Dell and its suppliers. This is achieved by refining its business processes, developing close relationships with a limited number of key suppliers, all the while making heavy and extensive use of information technology systems to facilitate communication within and outside the company, making this close coordination possible and successful. (Kraemer, Dedrick and Yamashiro, 2000) 2. 5. How KAR Vehicles Ltd can benefit KAR Vehicles Ltd can benefit from the information stored in K-VIS as well in many ways. For example, customer demographic information could be used to foster closer customer relationships and to keep and retain profitable and valuable customers. In turn, profitable and valuable customers can be identified from their sales records, which can be analyzed to pick put high value and high volume customers. This information can also be used to create customers segments like Dell did, in order to make decisions as to how KAR Vehicles Ltd can distribute their resources most efficiently. Furthermore, KAR Vehicles Ltd can also make use of the information gathered in K-VIS to minimize inventory turn over rates, and to maximize resource usage. For example, KAR Vehicle managers could analyze sales history and periods, and then determine where and when car inventories should be kept and retained in order to meet demand. This can help KAR Vehicles to reduce its inventory stock, by making each car in its inventory more utilized. 3. Using Systems to Convert Data into Information 3. 1. Transaction Processing Systems. This is what the K-VIS basically is, a system that supports the monitoring, collection, storage and processing of data from the organization business transactions, each of which generates data. The TPS collects data continuously in real time, and are considered critical to the success of any enterprise because they support core operations. It is hence obvious that K-VIS is essential to the continued and efficient operations of KAR Vehicles business operations. 3. 2. Management information systems Management information systems summarize data and prepare reports. These reports are mostly for middle and low level managers, and concern a specific functional area. K-VIS is also a management information system, as we can see that K-VIS is used by the office administrator to print out multipart forms or VIF. 5 forms for all collections due for a particular day. These forms are then used for business transactions as appropriate, and also used to update K-VIS with any new information or details. 3. 3. Decision Support Systems Decision support systems provide computer-based support for complex, non-routine decisions, for both managers and knowledge workers. There are typically two categories of Decision Support Systems – Business Intelligence Systems and Data Mining Systems. These are usually used in conjunction with a data warehouse and allow users to perform their own data analysis. For example, K-VIS enabled with a decision support system module, could be used to conduct what-of analysis to test the impact of bringing in new inventories of cars, relocation of branch offices, or expanding their varieties of cars offered. 3. 4. Expert systems Simply put, expert systems can be thought of as a collection of rules as defined by an expert. These rules can then be used as â€Å"†¦information processors whose applications address highly specialized and restricted areas of expert human knowledge†, as stated by Murray and Murray (1988, pp. 3). The potential benefits of expert systems are enormous, and their applications highly flexible. Watkins and Eliot (1993) identify some of the benefits of integration between expert systems and computer-based information systems (CBIS) as: o Improving the operations and maintenance of the database o Improving sensitive analysis o Acting as a tutor o Making applications more useful and â€Å"intelligent† o Reducing maintenance costs. o Refining the query system This is the area in which KAR Vehicles Ltd should focus on, as it automates decision making support for managers, and can help KAR Vehicles Ltd to identify and exploit any strategic or competitive advantage available in their industry. 4. Conclusion In today highly competitive and complex business environment, the capability to collect data, process it into useful and meaningful information, and then utilize this information in efficient ways to create knowledge or a competitive advantage, is essential towards prosperity and even survival in the business climate. Information systems are indispensable when it comes to this tasks, and there are a wide range and variety of information systems, all of which can be integrated, to collect data, process data into meaningful information, and then make use of this information to support the decision making process used by the managers of KAR Vehicles Ltd. In doing so, competitive and strategic advantage can be potentially identified and achieved, and greater operational efficiency will result as well. References Kraemer, Kenneth L. , Dedrick, Jason. , and Yamashiro, Sandra., 2000, â€Å"Refining and Extending the Business Model With Information Technology:Dell Computer Corporation†, The Information Society, 2000 Murray, Jerome T. , and Murray, Marilyn J. , 1988, Expert Systems in Data Processing, A Professional’s Guide, McGraw-Hill O’Brien, James A. , 1994, Introduction to Information Systems, Richard D. Irwin, Inc Rainer, Kelly. , Turban, Efraim. , and Potter, Richard. 2006, Introduction to Information Systems, John Wiley and Sons Watkins, Paul R. and Eliot, Lance B. , 1993, Expert Systems in Business and Finance, John Wiley and Sons.

Present Evolution of the Protestant Church :: essays research papers

Present Evolution of the Protestant Church   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unfortunately, I was not able find someone to interview on the changes of the Catholic church since the meeting of the Council of II Vatican, so I had to substitute for someone who is equally wise about changes within the Protestant church over the past fifty years. The person whom I asked is my aunt who is 54 years old recollects church membership since the age of 6, so I trust her as a viable source.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Politics in the Protestant church have changed tremendously in the last fifty years† says my aunt. Most apparent to her was the increase in women’s leadership. You now see women pastors, assistant pastors, deacons and so forth. She says that the church was once an organization that was known for being called â€Å"The Good Old Boys’ Club†, but now it’s the â€Å"Good Old Boys’ and Girls’ club. She is a Minister of Music, so she gets to go a lot of different places (inside and outside of the country) to observe these things. She says that churches have become â€Å"growingly woman and gay friendly.† She once attended a church by the name of The Open Door whose services were particularly dedicated to ‘sharing God’ with those other than heterosexual without singling them out, but accepting who they are and making the church a community for them outside of their condemned community for by thei r sexual preferences.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  More changes that she has noticed are in the services. She notices a more culturally blended congregation where in the past, if at all, that would be hard to find. Along with that she notices a growing variety of worship styles, including the style of music played, sung, or listened to, and how it is sung or played. She also says that churches are becoming increasingly accepting to open-denominational worship and fellowship. She believes that eventually the church will ultimately form one in seeking the Lord. To add to the details about the music, praise and worship services have become an essential part of the service. Particularly in African- American churches, praise and worship service may last from anywhere from fifteen minutes to an hour, drawing out services anywhere from an hour and a half to two hours and a half. Music along with teachings, have begun to reflect trends of the changing times. She has witnessed music going from slow traditional hymns with t he only instruments being your hands, feet, a tambourine, and possibly an organ, to more up-tempo songs, gospel music sounding like R&B, Pop, and Rap, with accompanying instruments of guitars, drums, pianos, keyboards, etc.

Health & Social Care Essay

An emergency is an unexpected situation that poses immediate risk to health, property or environment. Emergencies require immediate and direct actions in order to prevent or reduce the possible after effects of this emergency. The Civil Contingencies Act 2004 defines emergency as ‘an even or situation which threatens serious damage to human welfare, the environment or security in a part of the United Kingdom’. Emergencies focus on three types of threat. Those are threats to the environment, people’s welfare and security. An earthquake is an emergency because it is unexpected and cause severe damage to environment and properties or lands. It can also severely harm human beings who happen to be in the designated area. In order to be prepared for unexpected situations like this there are some procedures people can follow to ensure safety around them. These are before the earthquake happens †¢ Make sure to have a working fire extinguisher, communication device and torchlight. †¢ Learn first aid Learn how to turn off the gas, water and electricity †¢ Make a plan and an escape route and an assembly point to meet your family after the earthquake. †¢ Don’t leave heavy objects on shelves. †¢ Learn the earthquake plan at school or workplace. During an earthquake procedures have to be taken to ensure maximum safety. †¢ Stay calm. If indoors then stay in and if outdoors stay out. †¢ If you’re indoors, stand against a wall near the centre of the building, stand in a doorway, or crawl under heavy furniture (a desk or table). Stay away from windows and outside doors. If outdoors, stay away from power lines and buildings as they may fall on you †¢ Don’t use matches, candles or anything that could start a fire. †¢ Don’t use elevators. After an earthquake: †¢ Check yourself and others for injuries. Provide first aid if needed. †¢ Check appliances, water, gas and electric lines for faults or damages. If damages then shut off the valves. †¢ If indoors and it smells of flammable gas then open all windows, eave immediately and report to authority. †¢ Follow earthquake plan and listen to the instructions of the person in charge [authority figure] †¢ Expect aftershocks. Whilst evacuating the building members should remain cal and contain their dignity and self respect. Everyone should treat each other as an equal and direct them all towards safety. For example, in a nursery setting some children may have disabilities therefore might find it more difficult to follow the procedures instructed by teacher. They should still be seen as an equal and help must be given when needed however, they should not feel as though they are being treated differently from the others. The advantage of having an earthquake plan is that it prepares the individuals with an escape route and gives them a head start on how to deal with it. Having an earthquake plan means the individuals will know what to do when the situation arises and that will save time and less panics. However, the disadvantage of having an earthquake plan is that it is time consuming. It takes time to make one and one must have the knowledge of the setting in which the earthquake plan will take place. In addition, there may be some who are not informed of this plan therefore will be at loss when the earthquake arises. It is not guaranteed that everyone will follow the plan which contradicts the reason of the plan itself which is the safety of all people at that certain time and place. Plans are bases on predictions and estimations of the future which means there may be turn of events. For example, the plan may direct people towards the safest and quickest exit but what if that certain exit is damaged and blocked due to the earthquake?

A Question Of Vaccination Effectiveness - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 752 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/08/07 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Vaccines Essay Did you like this example? Analysis Immunization Effectiveness To begin, vaccination effectiveness for both children and adolescents directly influence their health and promote healthy living in societies today. Klein informs adolescent health specialists about the sudden declining utilization of meningitis immunizations among adolescents in her abstract due to lenient vaccination requirements enforced by schools. Immunizations are not a priority. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Question Of Vaccination Effectiveness" essay for you Create order Instructing the urgency in giving more meningococcal meningitis vaccines, Klein discloses, Adolescent immunization rates for some vaccines recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices are disappointingly low.   The CDC recommends four inoculations for the average adolescent, yet numerous parents withdraw their adolescents from receiving some immunizations.   An adolescent who is not given important vaccines risks accumulating diseases like meningitis. Disease transmission imposes life threatening side effects. Hence, the United States demonstrates an importance in vaccinating their children only to prevent illness transmission across the country. The United States disease prevention   induces better health standards for Americans nationwide. Spain vaccination rates are high overall, indicating strong effectiveness in their uses. Spain includes strict vaccination schedules much like the United States does, although Spanish families do not make receiving vaccinations a similar priority. Additionally, Kollmann informs immunologists about the trends in responses to vaccinations among younger children in his abstract due to the mechanisms that correlate vaccination outcomes. Infants are more susceptible to illness. Guiding the need for disease prevention , Kollmann enlightens,We propose that systems vaccinology should be applied to age-specific studies focused on protection, to derive the necessary insight for optimal design of vaccines for the very young. Designing effective vaccines for individuals based on their age helps ensure a positive response in patients. Positive responses after taking certain shots encourage other people to unite in the action. Civilians that receive immunizations create smaller chances for transmitting disease. Consequently, The United States designs vaccines effectively to increase disease prevention rates. The United States increases disease prevention rates due to the effectiveness in creating age-specific immunizations. Spains age- specific vaccinations have been more effective this year in comparison to the United States. Spains immunization effectiveness creates substantial reductions in illnesses. Side Effects Furthermore, side effects provide significant reasons for citizens from varied cultures to abstain from receiving inoculations. In the journal abstract, Anderberg informs economists about controversial vaccine usage due to differences between education and income.   More educated parents avoid immunizations.   Enlightening disputed vaccination use, Anderberg conveys, Using a supplementary data source we find evidence of a corresponding positive income effect, indicating that wealthier parents avoided the MMR dilemma by purchasing single vaccines. Affluent and intellectual individuals avert from receiving the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine because they understand its potential risks. Knowing immunization dangers leads consumers to withdraw from using them. Educated consumers who choose to abstain from immunizations eliminate risks like acquiring unwanted side effects. For example, more educated parents in The United States acknowledge potential risks that are included in receiving vaccines just by investigating their ingredients. Some immunizations in the United States are made with questionable components such as aluminum, gelatin, and thimerosal; that have been proven to cause side effects in some patients. Spains vaccines are genetically modified with some untrustworthy ingredients as well, such as gelatin and aluminum. Spains toxic ingredient use in immunizations leads to harmful side effects for their own patients. More importantly, Brewer informs in his abstract to psychologists that the urge to receive immunizations are increasingly low because consumers thoughts and feelings are the motivation behind getting vaccinated. Psychological concepts aid action. Instructing the ways social processes affect motivation to become vaccinated, Brewer claims, Substantial research has shown that social norms are associated with vaccination, but few interventions examined whether normative messages increase vaccination uptake.   Social influence is a considerable reason for civilians to avoid getting vaccinated due to that it minimizes motivation. Numerous individuals avert going to the doctors office because they hesitate to put viruses in their own bodies. Directly injecting an illness into someones body causes them to worry about acquiring deadly side effects. Likewise, The United States implements social norms that receiving vaccinations is healthy, yet side effects like pneumonia, HPV, or influenza provides reasons to be uncertain about their usage. The United States does not recognize the harsh side effects included in vaccinations, but instead, promotes them. Spains vaccination requirements are less strict when it comes to taking them on a regular basis, especially because Spanish citizens are against genetically modified substance use. Because Spains immunizations contain potentially harmful ingredients, most patients avoid them to decrease the likelihood for accumulating side effects.

Literature Review Cooperative Communication - 3956 Words

CHAPTER 3 – COOPERATIVE COMMUNICATION Background We have introduced a new form of diversity for the concept of mobile communications system of cooperation. Cooperation by mobile phone users for each user is assigned. Cooperation can be considered as a new form of space diversity, antenna diversity in the transmission process, however, and other complications, Intermobiles noisy channels, each phone has sent a separate message. (W. Yu and T. Lan, 2007, pp. 2646–2660) According to A. Goldsmith (2005), wireless communications technology is asking as functions of mobile access. Since its inception, it has gone through several stages of development. Its wide range of applications to meet growing demand. (A. Goldsmith, 2005) Multipath fading†¦show more content†¦According to Cover and El Gamal (1979), this case create a virtual MIMO, nodes can collaborate and share, to form a virtual antenna distribution MIMO antenna system is the simplest alternative and more promising for the application. This is done through communication is called cooperation. (Cover and El Gamal, 1979) According to Cover and El Gamal (1979), a good performance in wireless communications Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) has drawn attention. The benefits of MIMO communication has been widely recognized, as it offers a significant increase in performance and range of data offline or additional bandwidth to transmit power. (Cover and El Gamal, 1979) By increasing the speed and reduce discoloration. It offers a higher spectral efficiency, which means more bits per hertz per second of bandwidth. The reliability of MIMO links in production, or in other words, it reduces the changes in diversity. Collaborative communication is a communication system or technology, allows users to send messages to the destination type. (Quek, 2007, pp. 700–713) According to Chandrasekaran (2005), the 4G mobile communications has arrived, introducing a variety of services, use of different standards, different terminal services to deploy heterogeneous networks. (Chandrasekaran, 2005) The method involves the use of all single-use devices, designed toShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Using Math Cooperative Learning Groups On A Second Grade Class At Cypress Cove Elementary School Essay1594 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 2 Review of Related Literature The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of using math cooperative learning groups on a second grade class at Cypress Cove Elementary School during the academic year of 2016-2017. This chapter focuses on conceptual understanding and the effectiveness of cooperative learning groups in math as well as the influence of group processing on achievement. 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The Central Dogma Of Molecular Biology - 1988 Words

In 1956, Francis Crick first described what he called â€Å"The central dogma of molecular biology.† This essentially describes the flow of genetic information within cells. It states that DNA is transcribed into RNA with the help of an RNA polymerase enzyme. The RNA is then translated into a protein by protein synthesis. One thing that could drastically alter the genetic information within cells is a process called gene silencing. This process regulates the gene expression of certain genes and can occur in either transcription or translation. The process has been coined RNA interference and dsRNA gene silencing (Davidson and McCray Jr. 2011). Since direct evidence of double stranded RNA’s role in gene silencing was found in 1998 by researchers Fire and Mello, this topic has been the focus of much research in areas such as biomedical research, health care, and even agriculture. Double stranded RNA has been found to play a crucial role in things such as pest control , vector borne disease prevention, crop improvement, and in the development of therapeutics for different diseases through gene silencing. Although much research has been focused on the effects of gene silencing, there is still much more needing to be done. Double stranded RNA (dsRNA) consists of two complementary strands similar to those of DNA found in all cells. DsRNA is an important part of gene function and expression in eukaryotes and is also found as the genetic material of some viruses. It is known toShow MoreRelatedThe Central Dogma Of Molecular Biology Essay1191 Words   |  5 PagesAs we know, the central dogma of molecular biology furnishes how DNA makes RNA and further RNA into protein. This process gives us the holistic view and the progression of genetic information within the biological system. 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These regulatory RNAs can be small like miRNAs, siRNAs, snRNAs of the spliceosome, snoRNAs for large RNA processing etc. or they can be long as in the caseRead MoreRole Of Ncrna1184 Words   |  5 PagesThe central dogma of biology holds that genetic information generally results from DNA to RNA to protein., this directional view has been changed by the emergence of non-coding RNAs(ncRNA) in gene expression. ncRNA is small RNA that constitute a large family of RNA that do not code for protein formerly seen as a waste, but that does not mean that these RNA does not have a biological function. Most importantly, they are shown to be implicated in the regulation of transcription and post-transcriptionRead MoreA Cell Bio Problem Set 11411 Words   |  6 Pagesphysics and chemistry? What would be your answer today? Living organisms contain molecular and cellular machinery that maintain homeostasis. All of this machinery is governed by the laws of Physics and Chemistry and with our increased understanding of the biological sciences we understand the complex relationship of all three of these sciences in living systems. Each science is inherently dependent on another: BiologyïÆ'   ChemistryïÆ'   PhysicsïÆ'   Mathematics. Do you think there are peculiar properties ofRead Morecomparative proteomics Essay944 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Comparative Proteomics: Protein Profiler Lab by Jonathan Thulson Biology 113 October 6, 2013 Lab Partner: Vernon Morris INTRODUCTION Proteomics is the study of proteins. Their functions, interactions with other proteins, cellular locations and levels at which they are expressed. The purpose of this lab was to compare the proteins present in different species of fish to be able to determine which species of fish have the closest relation. 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RNA interference is defined as a type of gene silencing in which the mRNA transcript is prevented from being translated. RNAi involves the production of siRNAs and is the most common. RNAi is used to create molecular methods to cure diseases such as Huntington’s and Alzheimer’s, deadly viral infections and cancer. They can stop the progression of these deadly diseases or stop it at an early stage. RNAi has also been used for the biological control of crop production

Kahaani and Mumbai Diaries Film Review Free Essays

string(134) " situations to provide a comparison of the physical and mental differences amongst the various sects of individuals living in Mumbai\." Dhobighat and Kahaani Film reviews [Student Name] [Course Title] [Course Supervisor] Film reviews Introduction: The Indian film industry has never been popular for its art films. Art films in Indian cinemas usually try to portray a particular aspect of the Indian culture and norm. These movies avoid all the glitz and glamour normally found in Indian movies. We will write a custom essay sample on Kahaani and Mumbai Diaries Film Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now No glitz or glamour usually restricts these movies to a low budget nor are these movies able to attract a large number of audience to the cinema. Directors that usually make such movies try to get a point across to the audience using the cinema screen to portray their view of a particular issue within the community. Dhobighat The movie starts off showing Arun (Amir Khan) moving into a shabby apartment in an old locality of Mumbai. The film depicts Arun as an artist who meets Shia (Monica Dogra) an American investment banker at one of his exhibitions. The two fall for each other and end up spending the night together. Shai expects Arun would commit to their new found relationship but instead Arun makes it clear that he is not interested in a long term relationship and their night together was nothing more than a one night stand. Shai angry at Arun’s attitude leaves the apartment (Gurbaxani, 2011). This scene depicts a cultural trend that has greatly influenced the modern Indian society. Indian women are known to be conservative. They are forbidden to have premarital sexual relationships. However influenced by western culture, more and more Indian women have been engaging in premarital sex (Dhawan Kurup, 2006). Spending the night with Arun highlights the western influence that has been a part of the Indian society for quite some time now. Whereas getting angry at Arun for his lack of commitment portrays the conservative Indian side that has been a tradition with in the Indian society. Munna (Prateik Babbar) is the laundry boy for Shai and Arun. Munna aspires to become a famous actor. Munna has a brother who has links to the underworld and his brother tries to use his links within the industry to try and get Munna a break even though Munna is against his brothers activities. Later on in the movie Munna’s brother is murdered probably because of his ties to the underworld (Gurbaxani, 2011). The movie in this scene highlights the underworld influence that has made its way to the Indian film industry. There have been many instances and incidents where mob bosses from the Indian underworld have funded and backed various producers. Anyone who has refused to work in mob backed movies has received threats and sometimes even been targeted by the underworld. Initially the mob bosses were just like any other fans of bollywood superstars. However all that changed when one of these mobsters started financing movies of an actress he fancied. Soon the rest of the underworld got on the idea. Refusal of banks to invest in Indian cinema forced the producers to accept offerings made by the mob bosses (Corliss, 2002). Munna arrives at Shai’s apartment to collect her laundry and the two soon become good friends. Munna offers to become her guide and in return Shai promises she would prepare a portfolio for Munna which he plans to send out to various producers. Munna soon starts developing feelings for Shai but is unable to express his feelings for her (Gurbaxani, 2011). India has been a country where people have been divided into different castes and creeds. From ancient times the caste system has defined the social, financial and economic lives of the Indian people. Marriage of an individual is limited to his or her caste, castes are defined by birth and a person’s caste decides the job that person is best suited for (Callaham Pavich, 2011). The movie cites Munna’s lower caste and the difference of financial status as the main reasons as to why he doesn’t confess his fee lings to Shai. Meanwhile Shai gets obsessed wit Arun and starts stalking him. The building opposite to Arun’s apartment is under construction and the builder happens to be Shai’s father. Taking advantage of this fact Shai uses the building as a means to take Arun’s pictures without his knowledge. Arun on the other hand has his mind set on the tapes that belonged to the previous tenant of the house. The tapes contain messages from a woman named Yasmin (Kriti Malhotra) to her brother. Arun watches those tapes and soon starts drawing inspiration from them (Gurbaxani, 2011). It is normal for artists to draw inspiration from daily objects. Different artists gain inspiration from different day to day objects and people. These inspirations can be from friends, family or even a song they like (Barnett, 2012). The movie cites the tapes by Yasmin as a means of inspiration for Arun’s work. To make a living and promote his dream of becoming a movie star Munna works as a laundrier by day and kills rats for different localities by night time. Once while taking some pictures Shai comes across Munna while he is on his night job working as an exterminator. Shai takes his picture while Munna is working. Angry and confused Munna makes a run for it. Arun watches the last video left by Yasmin in which she confesses that her husband is in fact having an affair and shows signs that she would probably kill herself. Feeling frustrated Arun leaves the apartment for good. Shai gets hold of Munna and asks him for Arun’s new address. Initially Munna hesitates and lies about not knowing the where abouts of Arun but eventually gives her Arun’s new address (Gurbaxani, 2011). The film depicts Yasmin as the narrator and uses her experiences of Mumbai to portray the famous landmarks of the city in a completely new perspective. The narration of Yasmin’s experiences gives Dhobighat the shape of a love letter written to the city of Mumbai. The movie uses various situations to provide a comparison of the physical and mental differences amongst the various sects of individuals living in Mumbai. You read "Kahaani and Mumbai Diaries Film Review" in category "Papers" An example is a scene from the movie in which Shai wants to conduct Munna’s photo shoot outside the studio. However Munna being a native of Mumbai does not find the sights and sceneries of Mumbai as fascinating as Shai does (Gurbaxani, 2011). Normally Bollywood films are very expensive and can cost up to $20 million (The Economist, 2000). Up until the 1990s the sets, costumes and special effects used were mediocre in quality. The popularity of Hollywood movies in India forced the directors and producers to improve the quality of their movies (The Economist, 2000). However Dhobighat cost a mere $1. 8 million a fact that astonished and amazed majority of Indian and international film critics (Pillai, 2010). Indian filmmakers find that shooting in foreign countries draws the public to the cinema. Various foreign locations have been used in the past to make the movie more appealing to the masses. Either film makers choose foreign locations to get away from the crowd or they argue that it is the need of the script that makes them choose those foreign locations. Incentives given to the indian film industry by the government also attracts various film makers towards the idea of shooting at foreign locations (Trivedi, 2012). Dhobighat was produced using guerilla techniques in which multiple localities of Mumbai were used to make the movie. The director Kiran Rao didn’t use any kind of set at all. Kiran wanted to Dhobighat to be a tribute to the people of Mumbai (OutlookIndia. com, 2010). Most of the parts in the film were in English something that troubled Kiran and Amir Khan. Majority of indian population had a hard time understanding English a factor that most likely would have affected the film’s business. The production team decided to dub the English scenes in Hindi (Pillai, 2010). The distributor of the movie for United States and India was UTV. UTV a subsidiary of Walt Disney has been one of the major distributors of Indian cinema and has been one of the prominent entities in bringing Indian cinema to the world. The last decade or so has been the turning point of the company. UTV took up movies that changed the way movies were made in Bollywood. A number of these movies were hits. Peepli live, Rang De Basanti and Brfi are examples of some of the great films that UTV Motion Pictures have worked on. Senior Vice President at UTV Motion Pictures U. S. A dubbed the movie as being different to what Indian movie fans are used to. He was also critical about the reception the movie was going to get. Despite the Academy Awards taking place on the same date UTV released the movie on 21st January 2011 in United States and India. The release date couldn’t be delayed because India was hosting the world cup and the film crew wanted to release the film on the same date to prevent the production of pirated copies. UTV gave preference to the Indian fans because the movie mainly targeted the Indian audience. UTV were encouraged after the Dhobighat got positive response at the Toronto and London film festivals (Sydney, 2011). Dhobighat was a success at the box office. Despite everyone’s expectations Dhobighat was liked by the Indian population raking in more than $2. 6 million in India. The film did fairly well in United States, United Kingdom and Dubai making more than $780000. Internationally the movie did quite well making a whopping $1. 6 million. The success of Dhobighat pleased the lead star and producer Amir Khan. Amir Khan further commented and dubbed the movie as a success because of the type of movie it was. Kahaani The movie starts at Kolkata metro rail where a gas attack takes place killing the passengers on board. Fast forward a few years a pregnant woman named Vidya Bagachi (Vidya Balan) arrives in Kolkata from London during a religious festival. Vidya is a software engineer who is searching for her missing husband. During her visit to the local police station Vidya meets Satyaki Rana Sinha (Parambrata Chatterjee) a police officer who agrees to help Vidya in finding her husband. The two visit National Data Center where Vidya claims her husband worked (Dhaniwala, 2012). In India the police are usually considered incompetent and inefficient. They have frequently been criticized by the mass population for not taking their jobs seriously, accepting bribes and folding after being pressurized by top officials. However the movie shows Indian police in a positive light and in particular the character of Rana playing the role of a true police officer and helping Vidya in her quest to find her husband (Pagnamenta, 2013). At the NDC office Vidya and Rana are perplexed when human resource department at NDC deny having employed Vidya’s husband. However the head of the human resource department suggests that Vidya’s husband resembles a lot like an ex-employee, Milan Damji (Indraneil Sengupta). The head of the HR department is murdered by a hitman named Bob Biswas (Saswata Chatterjee) before she could share Damji’s records with Vidya. Vidya and Rana break into the records of NDC to get more information on Damji. While searching for Damji’s records Vidya and Rana have a close encounter with Bob. The two barely escape with their lives. Vidya meets an intelligence bureau officer Khan (Nawazuddin Siddiqui) who is investigating the gas attack of Kolkata. Khan warns Vidya about the dangers of the case and informs her that Damji is wanted fugitive who is the prime suspect of the gas attacks. Khan advises Vidya to back off and leave Damjee to the police. However Vidya completely ignores Khan’s advice and visits the address stated on Damjee’s records (Dhaniwala, 2012). Indians believe that when a woman sets her mind to it she can achieve anything for the sake of her husband. These acts of courage by women originate from the story in Ramayana of a king named Dasaratha and his queen Kaikeyi who showed courage in the face of fear and saved her husband from imminent death. The movie depicts Vidya in the same manner as Kaikeyi who besides the fact being pregnant is willing to risk her life and the life of her child to find her husband and ensure his safety. Kahaani isn’t the first movie to depict such actions from Indian wives. Over the years there have been numerous films that have shown Indian wives going to great lengths to protect and obey their husbands (Murthy, 2001). Upon reaching the stated address Vidya and Rana meet an errand boy working at a small tea shop. The errand boy recognizes Damjee and gives Vidya the name of R. Sridhar an officer of NDC who frequently visited Damjee during his stay at the apartment. Bob on the instructions of Sridhar makes an attempt on Vidya’s life but dies in the process. The examination of Bob’s phone gives Vidya and Rana an IP address. Vidya confronts Sridhar at his office. A scuffle breaks our between the two and Vidya eventually ends up shooting Sridhar. The death of Sridhar angers Khan who wanted Sridhar for questioning. Vidya procures a phone number from Sridhar’s computer and dials it. It is revealed that the number belongs to Bhaskaran K. (Dhritiman Chaterji) an Investigation Bureau officer and Khan’s superior. Vidya informs Bhaskaran that she has some sensitive documents left behind by Sridhar and threatens him that if he does not cooperate she could use those documents to send him to jail. Bhaskaran tells Vidya straight up that he is not associated with any of this. However a few minutes later Vidya receives a call asking for the documents in return for the safety of her husband (Dhaniwala, 2012). Suspecting the call was from Damji Vidya agrees to meet the caller at the place of his choice with Khan and Rana on her trail. The caller turns out to be Damji and during their talks Damjee attacks Vidya. Damji menacingly points his gun at Vidya who uses her prosthetic abdomen; she was using to fake her pregnancy, to knock the gun out of his hand. Vidya kills Damji and flees the scene. It is later revealed that Vidya was in fact Arup Basu’s (Abir Chatterji) wife. Arup was killed in the gas attack and she had returned to India to seek revenge of her husband’s death (Dhaniwala, 2012). Again Kahaani isn’t the first movie where women have been shown seeking revenge for themselves or for the death of someone they loved. Bandit Queen is an example of such a movie where a poor woman who is raped and abused by high caste men in her village. She joins a gang of bandits and seeks revenge upon all who did her wrong. Another story is that of ek haseena thi where a man takes advantage of a simple woman and frames her for drug possession. Upon her release from prison she sets out t find the man who framed her to seek her revenge (rain singer, 2011). The film director and the co-writer of the script Ghosh had trouble finding producers for Kahaani. His film Aladdin was a flop despite having a star studded cast and the producers were reluctant in investing in his future ventures. The idea of a pregnant woman as the lead actress and small time actors in supporting roles were also factors that discouraged the producers from financing the movie. The low cast of shooting in Kolkata and the small budget attracted Ghosh to the idea of shooting the movie in Kolkata (Zee news, 2012). The script writer Adviata Kala did some extensive research for the film. She based most of the story on her personal experience of the city when she was searching for her boyfriend. She stated that even though there was a difference in the culture and the language barrier existed the people were very hospitable and welcoming something that can be seen in the movie (Mitra, 2012). To prepare for her role Vidya Balan visited a doctor to consult about the prosthetic belly. Vidya also consulted her doctor of how a pregnant woman was to act and how what troubles would a pregnant woman normally face. Vidya claimed that she used to portray as a pregnant woman in her college days which helped her out in her out in the film (zee news, 2012). Like Kiran Roa Ghosh used the technique of guerilla filming for his movie. The director admitted that guerilla shooting in the busy city of Kolkata during the festival was not easy. Frequently the participants of the festival stare directly into the camera or in the faces of the actors (Movie Talkies, 2012). Ghosh shot different localities of Kolkata without the public’s knowledge. Ghosh thought it would be easier to shoot without any hassle brought on by the crowd and without the need of crowd control. The shooting of the film and of Durga Pooja festival was completed in 64 days. Ghosh wanted the character of Bob to be of a hitman that would easily blend into the crowd. Ghosh briefed Chatterjee over his role and told him to portray Bob as being polite. To make the character seem more believable Ghosh gave him a bald patch and advised Chatterjee to frequently rub his nails, as Indians believe rubbing ones nails prevents hair loss. Bobs character received remarkable praise from the critics and from the viewers. His famous one liner from the film became hit on the internet with individuals quoting him on different social networking websites. The young generation of India was really impressed by Bob and some of them even approached Ghosh with the idea of a graphic novel based on Bob. It is also rumored that some one has approached Ghosh with the idea of a television series based on the life of Bob (Mukherjee, 2012). The main distributors of Kahaani were Viacom 18 Motion Pictures. Viacom 18 Motion Pictures has been around for quite some time now dealing with Indian movies. Some of the famous movies that have done business with Viacom are Players, Son of sardar and Tanu weds Manu. The movie was a success at the box office. Initially during the first week the movie experienced a poor response. The film made $370000 in the province of Bengal in the time span of three days and during that time the seat occupancy rose from 47% on the first day to 94% on the third. The movie generated $4. 4 million in the first week passing its production cost of $1. million. By the end of the second week the movie made up to $7. 9 million in India alone. Box office India dubbed the movie a super hit just after two weeks (Box office India, 2012). Oversees the movie did reasonably well being able to generate the revenue of $1. 5 million from United Kingdom, United States, New Zealand, Australia, Pakistan and Malaysia. Hindustan times estimated that Kahaani had generated $19 million w orld wide within 50 days of its release (First Post, 2012). Kahaani’s success brought on a new trend among Bollywood producers and directors. Kolkata became a favorite location for the industry. The use of Kolkata as an opening scene was completely different from traditional Bollywood movies that had been using Mumbai and Delhi as their prime locations for shooting. The city’s colonial buildings and the hand rickshaws all added to the magnificent scenario that was presented by Ghosh in the movie. The release of the movie also had a significant impact on the tourism in Kolkata. In particular the guest house used by Vidya in the movie has attracted a lot of tourists (OneIndia. com, 2012). Ghosh plans to produce a sequel for Kahaani and use Vidya Balan as his lead actress in the same recurring role. The shooting of Kahaani 2 is to take place in 2013. The film industry has already seen the making of Kahaani in Tamil and Telegue. Conclusion The success of low budget art movies like Dhobighat and Kahaani shows a change in the trend that has been found amongst the Indian viewers. Viewers have now grown tired of all the love stories and senseless action movies that has been the recipe for a successful Bollywood movie. The viewers now want to watch movies that have a strong plot and have good stories. The success of Kahaani and Dhobighat despite their unknown actors is proof that indian viewers want to watch movies with a good plot. Expensive movies such as Agent Vinod and Rush are proof that a big budget and a star studded cast does not guarantee the success of a movie. Using real locations instead of expensive sets is another factor that separates Kahaani and Dhobighat from other movies. Instead of using foreign locations these movies opted to use popular areas of Indian cities to shoot their movies significantly reducing the budget needed for the movies. Art movies in the past decade or so have generated a great deal of revenue not only in India but overseas as well. List of References Barnett, L. , 2012. Top artists reveal how to find creative inspiration. [Online] Available at: http://www. guardian. co. uk/culture/2012/jan/02/top-artists-creative-inspiration [Accessed 8 April 2013]. Box office India, 2012. Agent Vinod Average Opening Kahaani Extraordinary Week Two. [Online] Available at: http://boxofficeindia. com/boxdetail. php? page=shownewsarticleid=4192nCat= [Accessed 10 April 2013]. Callaham, T. amp; Pavich, R. , 2011. Indian caste system. [Online] Available at: http://www. csuchico. edu/~cheinz/syllabi/asst001/spring98/india. htm [Accessed 8 April 2013]. Corliss, R. , 2002. Married to the Mob. [Online] Available at: http://www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,361780,00. html [Accessed 9 April 2013]. Dhaniwala, M. , 2012. Kahaani Review. [Online] Available at: http://www. koimoi. com/reviews/kahaani-review/ [Accessed 10 April 2013]. Dhawan, H. Kurup, S. , 2006. Pre-marital sex: Girls like to keep mum. [Online] Available at: http://articles. timesofindia. ndiatimes. com/2006-10-24/india/27785487_1_report-sexual-debut-indian-women [Accessed 8 April 2013]. First Post, 2012. Kahaani: What’s the story behind the numbers? [Online] Available at: http://www. firstpost. com/bollywood/kahaani-whats-the-story-behind-the-numbers-253056. html [Accessed 10 April 2013]. Gurbaxani, A. , 2011. ‘Dhobi Ghat’ Is A Sparkling Debut. [Online] Available at: http://mumbaiboss. com/2011/01/21/%E2%80%98dhobi-ghat%E2%80%99-is-a-sparkling-debut/ [Accessed 8 April 2013]. Mitra, I. , 2012. Vidya’s journey was my own: Advaita Kala. 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